1. C-peptide

C-peptide is measured to differentiate insulin produced by the body from insulin injected into the body. When insulin is synthesized by the beta cells of the pancreas, it is produced as a large molecule (a propeptide). This molecule is then split into two pieces: insulin and C-peptide. The C-peptide level may be measured in a patient with type II diabetes to see if any insulin is still being produced by the body. It may also be measured in the evaluation of hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) to see if the person's body is producing too much insulin.

2. Glucagon and insulin

Glucagon and insulin are released by the pancreas. Glucagon and insulin have opposite effects: insulin makes the blood sugar go down and glucagon causes blood sugar to go up. They work together to balance blood glucose levels. Glucagon can increase blood glucose levels by causing the liver to release its stor ed glucose to the blood stream. Insulin lowers blood glucose by allowing tissues to use or store glucose. When too much insulin is given the blood glucose drops rapidly and hypoglycemia (low blood sugar) results. This can trigger the body to release glucagon (and other hormones) and the result is that glucose is dumped into the blood. This can lead to hyperglycemia (high blood sugar). So insulin and glucagon measurements are very important for pancreas function evaluation.

3. IAPP (Islet Amyloid PolyPeptide)

The pancreas of patients with type 2 diabetes usually contains harmful protein fibers. The fibers are also known as amyloid and consist of many proteins stuck together. In type 2 diabetes, this protein is called IAPP (Islet Amyloid PolyPeptide). The ?-cells in the pancreas are damaged by the fibers and they cannot produce the necessary insulin anymore. Scientists have found that the interaction of IAPP with the cell membrane of ?-cells is important for amyloid formation in type 2 diabetes.

4. GLP-I

GLP-I exerted a marked antidiabetogenic action in the basal and postprandial state. The peptide stimulates insulin release, suppresses basal glucagon release, and prolongs gastric emptying, and reduces blood glucose levels in the diabetic patients.

5 ． Haemoglobin A1c ( HbA1c ) is a protein in the blood whose level is affected by the prevailing levels of blood glucose. If most of your blood glucose levels are normal or near normal then your HbA1c levels will be normal (4.0-6.4%) or near normal; but if your blood glucose levels are mostly high (say, mainly above 10.0mmol / L) then your HbA1c level will be high (e.g. 10.0% or more). HbA1c levels do not change quickly like blood glucose levels but slowly over 6-8 weeks so the level will reflect whether blood glucose control over this time has been good, average or poor. In general HbA1c levels should be measured every 3-4 months in Type 1 diabetes and every 4-6 months in Type 2 diabetes. But your doctor may decide when they should be done. HbA1c levels can not be used to diagnose diabetes.